These Two Can Never Be Separated – [Article Updated For The One Who Asked Us For More Detail]
http://www.salaficentre.com/2012/04/these-two-can-never-be-separated/?utm_source=ReviveOldPost&utm_medium=social&utm_campaign=ReviveOldPost
Tag: scholars
The Prophetic Guidance on I’tikaaf – Few Reminders from Imaam Ibnul Qayyim and Imaam Albaani (rahimahumallaah)]
In The Name of Allaah, The Most Merciful, The Bestower of Mercy
Imaam Ibnul Qayyim (rahimahullaah) stated that the righteousness of the heart and its steadfastness upon the path leading to Allaah’s (good pleasure etc) depends on its complete devotion to Allaah and concentrating in (seeking the good pleasure etc) of Allaah [The Most High]. And that because the heart will not be put in order except by turning completely to Allaah (in obedience, submission etc); but excess food and drink, excess intermingling with the people and excess speech and sleep are among (those things) that increase the heart in decay, distracts it in every way and severs it from its path of (obedience) to Allaah [The Most High] – either weakening it or hindering it, or stopping it (from this goal); therefore the Mercy of the [All-Mighty, The Bestower of Special Mercy to the believers] necessitates that He legislates fasting for His (believing) servants that which will (divert them) from excess food and drink, and rid the heart of the intrusions of desires, which hinders it from its path (of obedience) to Allaah.
Allaah legislated (fasting) in accordance with what is of benefit for the servant, so that the servant is benefited in his worldly life and afterlife – neither hindering him from what will bring about well-being for him in this life and the next. And Allaah legislated I’tikaaf for them, whose purpose and spiritual (aim) is make the heart devoted to Allaah, completely concentrating on (worshipping) Allaah, diverted from busying oneself with the people and busying oneself with the (worship) of Allaah alone, so that the person’s entire concern is directed to (worshipping) Allaah – his mind focused entirely in the remembrance of Allaah, all his thoughts directed at seeking after the pleasure of Allaah and that which will bring him closer to Allaah. This close attachment to Allaah becomes a replacement for seeking closeness to the people, whilst he worships Allaah with such close attachment, in order that he may be closely attached to Allaah on that day of loneliness in his grave when there will be no close one, and no other one will be a source of happiness other than Allaah. This is the greatest purpose behind I’tikaaf. [Ref 1]
A Brief Discussion by Shaikh Albaani (rahimahullaah)
This section is based on a book of the Shaikh (rahimahullaah) titled: Qiyaamu Ramadhaan’. The details can be found in the link at the end of this article on ref 2.
To proceed:
The Shaikh (rahimahullaah) stated that I’tikaaf is a Sunnah (i.e. a recommended Sunnah) during Ramadaan and on other days during the year. The proof is established in the statement of Allaah (The Most High): [وَأَنتُمْ عَاكِفُونَ فِي الْمَسَاجِدِ – while you are in I’tikaf (i.e. confining oneself in a mosque for prayers and invocations leaving the worldly activities) in the mosques (2:187)]
Authentic Ahaadeeth Regarding I’tikaaf:
The Prophet (sallal-laahu-alayhi-wasallam) once performed I’tikaaf in the last ten days of Shawaal. Also Umar (radiyallaahu ‘anhu) said to the Prophet (sallal-laahu-alayhi-wasallam) that he made an oath in the Days of Ignorance (i.e. before Islaam) that he would perform Itikaaf for one night in Masjid Al-Haraam, so the Prophet (sallal-laahu-alayhi-wasallam) said to him: ‘’Fulfil your oath’’. So Umar performed I’tikaaf for one night.
I’tikaaf is given greater emphasises during Ramadhaan. Abu Hurairah (radiyallaahu-anhu) said that the Messenger of Allaah (sallallaahu alayhi wasallam) used to make Itikaaf for ten days in every Ramadaan. But during the year in which he passed away, he performed Itikaaf for twenty days.
However, the best time to perform I’tikaaf is the last part of Ramadaan because the Prophet (sallallaahu alayhi wasallam) used to perform I’tikaaf during the last ten days of Ramadaan up until Allaah took his soul.
Conditions to Be Fulfilled Before Starting I’tikaaf:
First Condition: It has to be performed in a Masjid because Allaah (The Most High) said:
[ وَلَا تُبَاشِرُوهُنَّ وَأَنتُمْ عَاكِفُونَ فِي الْمَسَاجِدِ – And do not have intercourse with them (your wives) while you are making Itikaaf in the Masaajid. [2:187]
Aa’isha (radiyallaahu-anhaa) stated that the Sunnah in relation to I’tikaaf is that the performer of I’tikaaf should not exit the Masjid, except for some need he has to fulfil. Neither should he visit a sick person nor touch his wife, nor engage in sexual intercourse with her. And I’tikaaf is not valid except when performed in a Masjid in which the five daily congregational prayers are established.
And the Sunnah in relation to the one performing Itikaaf is that he should be observing the fast (on that day he is performing) I’tikaaf.
Second Condition: The Masjid in which he performs I’tikaaf should also be a Masjid in which the Jumu’ah prayer is established in order that he is not forced to exit the Masjid to pray the Jumu’ah prayer (elsewhere). That is because it would be obligated on him to leave the Masjid for the Jumu’ah prayer as A’ishah (radiyallaahu ‘anhaa) stated that there is no I’tikaaf except in a Masjid that establishes the Jumu’ah Salaah.
Reader: Take Note that Shaikh Albaani (rahimahullaah) at this point discusses briefly whether I’tikaaf can be performed in other than the three Masaajid – [Masjid Al-Haraam, Masjid An-Nabawi & Masjid Al-Aqsaa] and the Shaikh based his view on a hadeeth in which it is stated that there is no I’tikaaf except in the three Masaajid. The Shaikh (rahimahullaah) then stated that some of the salaf held this opinion such as Hudhaifah Ibn Al-Yamaan, Sa’eed Ibn Al-Musayyib and Ataa, but Ataa did not mention Masjid Al-Aqsaa. However, other scholars hold the view that I’tikaaf can be performed in any other Masjid in which the congregational prayers are established. Finally, the difference of opinion in this affair has been discussed by Shaikh Muhammad Ibn Abdul Wahhaab Al-Wassaabi (rahimahullaah) and it involves affairs related to science of hadeeth etc. Shaikh Bin Baaz, Shaikh Muqbil, Shaikh Uthaymeen and others do not hold Shaikh Albaani’s view, so if you wish to look into this affair, refer to this link http://www.sahab.net/forums/?showtopic=73521 or ask a student of knowledge in your Masjid to explain the affair in detail. The students are well acquainted with this khilaaf and can easily direct you to what will suffice you based on the statements of the scholars In-Shaa-Allaah.
Third Condition: It is from the Sunnah for the one performing Itikaaf to observe fasting, as has been stated by Aa’ishah (radiyallahu-‘anhaa).
The Things Allowed For a Person in I’tikaaf
[a]He can exit the Masjid in order to fulfil a need. It is permissible for him to thrust his head out of the Masjid to be washed and combed. Aa’ishah (radiyallaahu-anhaa) said that the Messenger of Allaah (sallal-laahu-alayhi-wasallam) would thrust his head out whilst he was performing I’tikaaf and she would comb his hair. In another narration Aa’isha said that she washed it whilst there was a threshold between him and her, and whilst she was on her menses. Likewise, the Messenger would never enter the house whilst in I’tikaaf except for a need.
[b] The performer I’tikaaf can make ablution in the Masjid.
[c] He is allowed to make a small tent at the back of the Masjid.
[d]A woman can visit her husband, whilst he is performing Itikaaf. She can speak to him and the husband can accompany her to the door of the Masjid when she is leaving.
It is allowed for a woman to perform Itikaaf with her husband in the Masjid or by herself. Aa’isha (radiyallaahu-anhaa) said that the Prophet (sallallaahu alayhi wa sallam) used to perform Itikaaf during the last ten days of Ramadaan, until he passed away. Thereafter, his wives used to perform Itikaaf after he passed away. Therefore, this shows that it is allowed for women to perform Itikaaf, as long as they are allowed by their guardians. Also the place they perform I’tikaaf in should be free from temptations and free mixing with men because safeguarding against an evil takes precedence over seeking after some affair that is good.
Sexual intercourse with one’s wife will make one’s I’tikaaf null and void because Allaah said:
وَلَا تُبَاشِرُوهُنَّ وَأَنتُمْ عَاكِفُونَ فِي الْمَسَاجِدِ
And do not have intercourse with them (your wives) while you are making Itikaaf in the Masaajid. [2:187]
Ibn Abbaas (radiyallaahu ‘anhumaa) stated that if a person performing Itikaaf engages in sexual intercourse, his Itikaaf is null and void and he has to start all over again.
However, there is no [kaffaarah – expiation] obligated on him because nothing has been stated from the Prophet and his companions about it.
Ref 1: Abridged and paraphrased. Source: Zaadul Ma’aad’ with annotations by Imaam Abdul Bin Abdul Azeez Bin Baaz & Checking of the Ahaadeeth by Imaam Albaani (rahimahumallaah). Page 39. Vol 2. Publisher: Daarul Aathaar’ 1st ed. ISBN Number: 2005/9441]
Ref 2: http://www.sahab.net/forums/index.php?showtopic=49622
Two statements from the Salaf regarding At-Tawakkul – Al-Hasan and Wahb Bin Munabbih
Al – Hasan Al – Basree rahimahullaah: Indeed the reliance of the servant upon his Lord, is that he knows his Lord is his Protector , The Only One upon whose reliance he can solely depend upon. [1]
Wahb b. Munabbih rahimahullaah : The highest goal (for the servant to attain) is At – Tawakkul. [2]
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[1]. Jaami’ Ul Uloom Wal Hikam of Ibn Rajab Al Hanbali p.1266
[2] Jaami’ Ul Uloom Wal Hikam of Ibn Rajab Al Hanbalee p.1266 12 Agreed Upon.
Translated by: Abu Ad-Dardaa
Indeed the True Believers are those who Place their Trust In Allaah
In The Name of Allaah, The Most Merciful, The Bestower of Mercy
Indeed the True Believers are those who Place their Trust In Allaah azza-Wajall.
Hadeeth no.49:
عَنْ عُمَرَ بْنِ الْخَطَّابِ رَضِيَ اللَّهُ عَنْهُ , عَنِ النَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ , قالَ
“ لَوْ أَنَّكُمْ تَتَوَكَّلُونَ عَلَى اللَّهِ حَقَّ تَوَكُّلِهِ لَرَزَقَكُمْ كَمَا يَرْزُقُ الطَّيْرَ تَغْدُو خِمَاصًا وَتَرُوحُ بِطَانًا.“
On the authority of ‘Umar ibn Al-Khattaab May Allaah be Pleased with him, narrated from the Messenger of Allaah صلى الله عليه وسلم who said:
“If you rely upon Allah with the best level of Tawakkul (placing ones trust and reliance in Allaah) with him, He will provide you with sustenance just as He provides for the birds – they leave out (in the morning) with empty stomachs and return (in the evening) with full stomachs ” Reported in Tirmidhee1, Ahmad2 and others3.
Imaam Ibn Rajab Al-Hanbaliرحمه الله said regarding this hadeeth: This hadeeth is from the principles of At-Tawakkul, and it is from the greatest of the reasons that bring about ones provisions (from Allaah).
Allaah (عز وجل) said:
وَمَن يَتَّقِ اللَّهَ يَجْعَل لَّهُ مَخْرَجًا
ۚوَيَرْزُقْهُ مِنْ حَيْثُ لَا يَحْتَسِبُ ۚ وَمَن يَتَوَكَّلْ عَلَى اللَّهِ فَهُوَ حَسْبُهُ
“And whomsoever fears Allaah and keeps his duty to him, he will make for him a way to get out (from every difficulty. And He will provide him from (sources) he never could imagine. And whosoever puts his trust in Allah, then He will suffice him.”4
And indeed the Messenger of Allaah read these verses to Abu Dharr al-Ghifaaree and said to him: “If all of the people were to take heed of these (verses), then indeed it would suffice them.”
{Meaning: If they were to achieve At-Taqwaa and At-Tawakkul they will find contentment in their affairs, be they affairs of the Deen or of the Dunyaa. And this Kalaam has already been brought forth in the explanation of the Hadeeth of Ibn Abbaas: (( Be Mindful of Allaah and Allaah will Protect you.))5}
Some of the Salaf have said:
“It is sufficient in your beseeching/invoking of Him, to know in your heart the that you have the highest reliance in Him, for how many servants from His servants entrust Him with their affairs and then He suffices them with that which they desire. Then they (the salaf) would read:
وَمَن يَتَّقِ اللَّهَ يَجْعَل لَّهُ مَخْرَجًا
ۚ وَيَرْزُقْهُ مِنْ حَيْثُ لَا يَحْتَسِبُ ۚ وَمَن يَتَوَكَّلْ عَلَى اللَّهِ فَهُوَ حَسْبُهُ
“And whomsoever fears Allaah and keeps his duty to him, he will make for him a way to get out (from every difficulty. And He will provide him from (sources) he never could imagine. And whosoever puts his trust in Allah, then He will suffice him.”6
The correct meaning of Tawakkul:
Ibn Rajab says: “It is the true reliance of the heart in Allaah (عز وجل) to seek beneficial affairs and to repel the harm (in relation) to all affairs of the Dunyaa and the hereafter, and to leave all affairs to Him and to have certain Eemaan that indeed none can give nor withhold, and none can benefit nor harm besides Allaah (alone).”
SOURCE: JAAMI’ UL ULOOM WAL-HIKAM – Volume 3 – p.1265-1266 – Daruss-Salaam Edition (1424H, 2004G)
1. 1 Reported by Imaam Tirmidhee in his Sunan : 37 – Book of Zuhd, 33 – Book of Reliance Upon Allaah (4/573) hadeeth no. 2344. And Aboo Eesaa At-Tirmidhee commented: “This hadeeth is Hasan (Good) Saheeh (Authentic). I do not know of it except with this position. Imaam Al Albaanee authenticated the hadeeth in his ‘Saheeh ut-Tirmidhee’.
2.Reported by Imaam Ahmad in his Musnad (1/243) with a chain of narration that is authentic.
3 Also reported in Kitaabur-Raqaa’iq, and Al-Kubraa, both of Imaam An-Nasa’ee, Ibn Hibbaan in his Saheeh, and Ibn Maajah in Az-Zuhd.
4 Surah At-Talaaq (65): Verses 2-3
5 The famous hadeeth that is collected by Imaam An-Nawawee in his 40 Ahaadeeth, from Sunan At-Tirmidhee:
عن أبي العباس عبد الله بن عباس رضي الله عنهما قال : كنت خلف النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم يوما ، فقال : ( يا غلام ، إني أُعلمك كلمات : احفظ الله يحفظك ، احفظ الله تجده تجاهك ، إذا سأَلت فاسأَل الله ، وإذا استعنت فاستعن بالله ، واعلم أن الأُمة لو اجتمعت على أَن ينفعـوك بشيء ، لم ينفعوك إلا بشيء قد كتبه الله لك ، وإن اجتمعوا على أن يضروك بشيء ، لم يضروك إلا بشيء قد كتبه الله عليك، رفعت الأقلام وجفت الصحف ) رواه الترمذي وقال : حديث حسن صحيح .
On the authority of Abil-Abbaas Abdullaah ibn Abbaas May Allaah be pleased with them who said: “I was behind the Messenger of Allaah ﷺ one day and he said to me: “O Young boy, I shall teach you some words: Be mindful of Allaah and He will Protect you, Be Mindful of Allaah and you will find him at your side, If you ask, then ask only of Allaah, If you seek aid, then seek His aid only. And know, that if the whole world were to gather together in order to benefit you, then they would not be able to do so, except if Allaah had written for them to do so. And if the whole world were to gather together to harm you, then they would not be able to do so, except if Allaah Had written for them to do so. The pens have been lifted and the pages are dry. Tirmidhee said: This hadeeth is Hasan (Good) Saheeh (Authentic) Albaani authenticated it in his checking of Tirmidhee.
6 Surah At-Talaaq (65): Verses 2-3
Among The Determinants of Upright Leadership in The Religion
Allaah (The Most High) said:
وَجَعَلْنَا مِنْهُمْ أَئِمَّةً يَهْدُونَ بِأَمْرِنَا لَمَّا صَبَرُوا ۖ وَكَانُوا بِآيَاتِنَا يُوقِنُونَ
And We made from among them (Children of Israel), leaders, giving guidance under Our Command, when they were patient and used to believe with certainty in Our Ayat (proofs, evidences, verses, lessons, signs, revelations, etc.).” [Sajdah: Ayah:24]
Imaam Ibnul Qayyim (rahimahullaah) said:
So He (Allaah) informed (us) that (upright) leadership in the religion is obtained through patience and certainty. Patience repels lowly desires and corrupt wishes, and certainty repels doubts and (those) affairs that resemble the truth but are falsehood in reality.
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[Badaa’i At-Tafseer Al-Jaami Limaa Fassarahu Al-Imaam Ibnu Qayyim Al-Jawziyyah: page:323 Vol:2. slightly paraphrased]
A Particular Female Reached The Age of Puberty But Is Too Weak To Fast – The Permanent Committee
Question: A girl (started) menstuating at the age of eleven, so is fasting incumbent upon her despite the fact that her health has not been very good and she is in a state in which she does not have the ability to fast. Therefore, what is it that should be determined regarding her affair?
Answer: If the situation is as you have stated, then fasting is incumbent upon her because menstruation is a sign that (females) have reached the age of puberty and that can be at the (age) of nine or more. If she is able to fast, it is obligated on her to fulfil it during the (prescribed) time (i.e. in Ramadhaan). If she is incapable or is affected by severe difficulty, she should break the fast and it is obligated on her to make up for the (fasts she has missed) on other days when she has the ability to do that.
[Source: Fataawaa Lajnah Ad-daa’imah’ 10/145]
Some Effects of the Authentic Sunnah upon the Heart’ -By Imaam Ibnul Qayyim
Imaam Ibnul Qayyim (rahimahullaah) said:
If the (bright) sun of the Sunnah rises in the heart of a servant, the mist (or fogginess) of every Bid’ah is cut from his heart and the darkness of every (act, practice or belief of) misguidance ceases to exist. [Source: Madaarij As-Saalikeen (1/379)]
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Translated and Shared by one of our Brummie Shabaab (hafidha-hullaah) and former pupil at Salafi Independent School [Birmingham]
Think About The Status of Shaikh Fawzaan in The Eyes of Ahlus Sunnah and What He Thinks About Himself
Allaamah Saaleh al-Fawzaan responded to the one who regarded him a defender of Islaam, saying: ‘’As for your statement that I defend Islaam, I am not of this status; I am lesser than that; I am deficient and I seek Allaah’s forgiveness……” [Ref 1]
The Shaikh was also asked: How can we attain the (level) of Shaikh Bin Baaz’s knowledge and your (level in) knowledge?
Answer: We do not possess knowledge, (but) as for Shaikh Bin Baaz, yes he has knowledge [may Allaah forgive him and (grant) him mercy]; as for us, we are Masaakeen (i.e. poor, very lacking in our knowledge etc) like yourselves, but it is obligated on us to learn… [Ref 2]
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[Ref 1] Download and listen to audio here: http://www.sahab.net/forums/index.php?showtopic=143653 http://www.gulfup.com/?uMlQZ0
[Ref 2] Listen to audio below:
https://ia801307.us.archive.org/16/items/waseya_201509/waseya.mp3
History: Why Do The Khawaarij Carry Out Many of Their Plots During Ramadhaan’ by Sh Abdur-Razzaaq Al-Badr?
In The Name of Allaah, The Most Merciful, The Bestower of Mercy
Shaikh Abdur-Razzaaq Al-Badr (may Allaah preserve him) says:
Abdur Rahmaan Bin Muljim and those with him started their plots to assasinate Ali, Mu’aawiyah and Amr Bin Aas (radiyallaahu-anhum) on the 17th of Ramadhaan. Subhaanallaah! This is a continued Sunnah [way or path] of the khawaarij. Many of those who look into history see that many of the (evil) deeds and plots of the Khawaarij are carried out in Ramadhaan. That is because in Ramadhaan the souls of the people are upon tranquillity and drawn towards obedience to Allaah, and the people do not think that anyone will attack them. [Paraphrased] Listen to audio below
Reporting Terrorists to the authorities
http://www.answering-extremism.com/trans-pub/ae_saf_12.pdf
Reminder: Few Issues Related to The Month of Sha’baan – its Middle (15th Day and Night) by Shaikh Uthaymeen (rahimahullaah)
In The Name of Allaah, The Most Merciful, The Bestower of Mercy
In the Saheehayn (Bukhaari and Muslim) Aa’isha (radiyallaahu-anhaa) said: I have never seen the Prophet (sallal-laahu-alayhi-wasallam fast a complete month except Ramadhaan; and I have never seen him fast more in any other month than Shabaan (i.e. he used to fast a lot during shabaan but not the complete month because Ramadhaan was the only month he fasted completely).
Specifying Fasting On the Middle of Shabaan (15th)
Ibn Rajab mentioned in Lataa’if Al-Ma’aarif page 341 that Ibn Maajah narrated a hadeeth in which the Prophet said that when the 15th of Shabaan arrives, one should pray at night and fast during the day etc
This hadeeth is Mawdoo (fabricated) and in its chain of transmission is a man called Abu Bakr Abdullah Bin Muhammad -well known as [ابن أب بسرة ]. Imaam Ahmad and Ibn Ma’een said that he used to fabricate hadeeth.
So based on the above, it is not from the Sunnah to specify the middle (15th of Sha’baan) for fasting. And if specifying it for fasting is not a Sunnah, then it is a bidah. The Prophet said, ‘’Every bidah is misguidance.’’
The Virtues of the Night of 15th of Sha’baan
Shaikh Bin Baaz (rahimahullaah) said that all the ahaadeeth regarding the virtues of the night of 15th of Sha’baan are week.
However, one can pray the night prayer (i.e. Tahajjud) on this night just as any other night, such as the common practice of a person who usually prays Tahajjud. He can pray on this night without specifying it with extra worship based on the belief that there is special virtue in doing so as opposed to other nights. If a person performs the Tahajjud (or night prayer) on this night only (i.e. out of belief that it is a special night), this is a bidah because there is nothing reported (authentic) that the Prophet (sallal-laahu-alayhi-wasalam) or his companions did so. The hadeeth reported in this regard is weak. Shaikh Bin Baaz (rahimahullaah) said that all the Ahaadeeth narrated about this are fabricated.
The Belief That Allaah Decrees Everything That Will Happen During the Year on 15th Night of Sha’baan
This belief is false.
Allaah (The Most High) said:
إِنَّا أَنزَلْنَاهُ فِي لَيْلَةٍ مُّبَارَكَةٍ ۚ إِنَّا كُنَّا مُنذِرِينَ
فِيهَا يُفْرَقُ كُلُّ أَمْرٍ حَكِيمٍ
أَمْرًا مِّنْ عِندِنَا ۚ إِنَّا كُنَّا مُرْسِلِينَ
رَحْمَةً مِّن رَّبِّكَ ۚ إِنَّهُ هُوَ السَّمِيعُ الْعَلِيمُ
We sent it (this Qur’an) down on a blessed night [(i.e. night of Qadr, Surah No: 97) in the month of Ramadan, the 9th month of the Islamic calendar]. Verily, We are ever warning [mankind that Our Torment will reach those who disbelieve in Our Oneness of Lordship and in Our Oneness of worship]. Therein (that night) is decreed every matter of ordainments. Amran (i.e. a Command or this Qur’an or the Decree of every matter) from Us. Verily, We are ever sending (the Messengers), (As) a Mercy from your Lord. Verily! He is the All-Hearer, the All-Knower. [Surah Ad-Dukhan Aayaat 3-6]
Allaah (The Most High) said:
إِنَّا أَنزَلْنَاهُ فِي لَيْلَةِ الْقَدْرِ
Verily! We have sent it (this Qur’an) down in the night of Al-Qadr (Decree) [Surah Al-Qadr.. Ayah 1]
So whoever claims that on the 15th night of Sha’baan is when Allaah decrees what will take place during the year, then he has opposed what is established in these Aayaat.
Cooking food for the poor and parents specially on the day of 15th of Sha’baan (i.e. as an act of worship)
This has no basis and specifying such acts on such a day is from the acts of bidah. The Prophet said: Every Bidah is misguidance.’’
Finally: The Shaikh (rahimahullaah) spoke about the perils of Bidah. We found a similar article (based on the speech of the Shaikh) already translated by the students at Salafipublications (may Allaah preserve them) on this link:
http://www.spubs.com/sps/sp.cfm?subsecID=bdh02&articleID=bdh020003&pfriend=
And Allaah knows best
Source: http://www.sahab.net/home/?p=858…abridged and paraphrased