Knowledge Across Generations: Guidance, Responsibility and Harmony

In The Name of Allah, The Most Merciful, The Bestower of Mercy.

“Indeed, among the portens of the hour (i.e. the signs of the day of Judgement) is that knowledge will be sought from the Asaghir”.

The people (scholars) have given different interpretations of “As-Sighar” in this context (as) mentioned by Ibn Abd al-Barr in Al-Jami [1/157] and Al-Shatibi in Al-I’tisam [2/93].

Ibn Qutaybah – may Allah the Most High have mercy upon him – held that As-Sighar are the young (youth). He stated based on the narration by Ibn Mas’ud, may Allah be pleased with him, “the people will not cease to be upon good as long as their scholars are Mashayikh (i.e. elders) and not young people”, that it means:

Youthful gratification, youthful intensity, haste and folly would have ceased from the elder, and he possesses Tajribah and Khibrah [experience, proficiency and the know-how with regards to matters].

Neither doubt influences him through his knowledge nor is he overcome by (vain) desires, neither inclined -through his knowledge-towards excess eagerness for something nor (easily) enticed by Shaytan in the manner a young man is enticed. Thus, age is accompanied with composure, dignity and awe. The Shaikh (is mostly) safe from these matters which may influence the young person. If they influence him (i.e. a young person) and he gives a verdict, he ruins himself and others”.

Then the Shaikh [Abdus Salam Burjess – may Allah have mercy mercy upon him] stated that this ruling is not absolute with regards to the young ones, for indeed there were a group of the Sahabah and the Tabi’in who taught and gave verdicts in their young age, while the elders were present. However, the likes of these people are hard to find amongst those who came after them. If they are found and known for being upright- upon a sound (path), possess knowledge and their firmness is manifested, while there are no elders to be found, then knowledge of the Shariah is acquired from them, if they are free from Fitnah!

Therefore, the intent is not that the knowledge possessed by the young person is boycotted, while the elders are present; rather the intent is that the people are placed in their rightful positions. [1] [End of quote]

Nu’aym, may Allah have mercy upon him, said: It was said to Ibn Al-Mubarak, may Allah have mercy upon him, “Who are the Asaghir?” He said:

“Those who speak based on their views. As for the young one who narrates from the elder, he is not one who narrates based on his views”. [2]

Ibn al-Mubarak also said: “Al-Asaghir are Ahlul Bidah”. [3]

Imam Al-Bukhari, may Allah have mercy upon him, said:

A man will not become well facilitated until he takes knowledge from one above him, one similar to him and one below him. [4]

Imam Abdullah Ibn al-Mubarak, may Allah have mercy upon him, said:

A man will not be from the (students or scholars) of Hadith until he writes from someone similar to him, someone above him and someone below him. [5]

Imam Sufyan Ibn Uyaynah, may Allah have mercy upon him, said:

A man will not be from the (students or scholars) of Hadith until he takes from someone above him, someone below him and someone similar to him.” [6]

Al-Allamah Rabee Bin Hadi Al-Mad’khalee, may Allah have mercy upon him, said:

Musa, peace be upon him, was spoken to directly by Allah and the Tawrat was revealed to him, which contained Hudaa [i.e. that which guides a person to Iman, truth and protects one from misguidance] and Nur [i.e. a guiding light in the midst of the darkness of ignorance, confusion, doubts, beliefs and deeds that appear to be truth but are falsehood in reality and evil desires], but when he knew that another person possessed knowledge of that which he did not possess, [Allah informed us that he (Musa) said]:

لَا أَبْرَحُ حَتَّىٰ أَبْلُغَ مَجْمَعَ الْبَحْرَيْنِ أَوْ أَمْضِيَ حُقُبًا

I will not give up (travelling) until I reach the junction of the two seas or (until) I spend years and years in travelling]. [Al-Kahf. Verse 60]

He went on foot – neither had a car nor a riding beast, nor a horse; (rather) he travelled on foot”. [7]

An Example of Harmony Between Teacher and Student

Al-Allamah Muhammad Ibn Abdil Wahhab Al-Bannah -may Allah have mercy upon him, was considered one of Shaikh Rabee’s Shuyukh. Anyone who knew Shaikh Al-Bannah will know that he used to hold Shaikh Rabee in high esteem. On one occasion when he visited him at his house, Shaikh Al-Bannah said to him, “Take a seat and do not stand, for even though I am your Shaikh, you are my teacher”.

He was asked whether Shaikh Rabee is considered one of the senior scholars, so he said: “Who among the scholars of this era and before it truly knows the numerous callers to Islam like him?! He is known for evidence and proof and does not speak against anyone except with evidence. For this reason, I say that Rabee Hadi is like Yahyah Ibn Ma’een in this era. I say that indeed Rabee is the Yahya Ibn Ma’een of this era. May Allah reward him (with good), preserve him, and safeguard his intellect and memory. The most knowledgeable regarding the (situation) of men – with proof and evidence- is Rabee Hadi. May Allah keep him firm and alive, so that he refutes those who misrepresent Salafiyyah and wage war against it. We ask Allah to reveal their state of affairs, expose them, and protect us from their evil”. [8]

Allah Raises Some People of Knowledge Above Others

Allah, The Most High, said:

فَبَدَأَ بِأَوْعِيَتِهِمْ قَبْلَ وِعَآءِ أَخِيهِ ثُمَّ ٱسْتَخْرَجَهَا مِن وِعَآءِ أَخِيهِ كَذَٰلِكَ كِدْنَا لِيُوسُفَ مَا كَانَ لِيَأْخُذَ أَخَاهُ فِى دِينِ ٱلْمَلِكِ إِلَّآ أَن يَشَآءَ ٱللَّهُ نَرْفَعُ دَرَجَٰتٍ مَّن نَّشَآءُ وَفَوْقَ كُلِّ ذِى عِلْمٍ عَلِيمٌ

So he [Yusuf] began (the search) in their bags before the bag of his brother. Then he brought it out of his brother’s bag. Thus did We plan for Yusuf. He could not take his brother by the law of the king (as a slave), except that Allah willed it. (So Allah made the brothers to bind themselves with their way of “punishment, i.e. enslaving of a thief.”) We raise to degrees whom We please, but over all those endowed with knowledge is the All-Knowing (Allah). [12:76]

نَرْفَعُ دَرَجَٰتٍ مَّن نَّشَآءُ

We raise to degrees whom We please], as Allah said (i.e. in another Ayah):

يَرْفَعِ اللَّهُ الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا مِنْكُمْ وَالَّذِينَ أُوتُوا الْعِلْمَ دَرَجَاتٍ ۚ وَاللَّهُ بِمَا تَعْمَلُونَ خَبِيرٌ –

Allah will exalt in degree those of you who believe, and those who have been granted knowledge. And Allah is Well-Acquainted with what you do]. [Al-Mujadilah 11]

وَفَوْقَ كُلِّ ذِى عِلْمٍ عَلِيمٌ

But over all those endowed with knowledge is the All-Knowing (Allah).

Al-Hasan al-Basri, may Allah have mercy upon him, said:

There is not a scholar except that above him is (another) scholar until the all knowledge goes back to Allah, The Mighty and Majestic, (i.e. Allah as the absolute Owner and Bestower of all knowledge).

Abdur Razzaq, may Allah have mercy upon him, reported from Sufyan ath-Thawri, may Allah have mercy upon him, from Abdul A’laa ath-Tha’labi, may Allah have mercy upon him, from Sa’eed Ibn Jubayr, may Allah have mercy upon him, who said:

We were with Ibn Abbas, may Allah be pleased with him and his father, when he delivered an amazing speech. Then a man was amazed and said: “All praise and thanks be to Allah, above every possessor of knowledge is One All-Knowing”. Ibn Abbas said: “What an evil (or terrible) thing you have uttered! Allah is the All-Knowing, and He is above every knowledgeable one”. [9]

نَرْفَعُ دَرَجَاتٍ مَنْ نَشَاءُ

We raise to degrees whom We please.

Meaning, through beneficial knowledge and acquaintance with the paths that lead to their intended goals, just as We raised Yusuf’s, peace be upon him, in ranks.

Basheer al-Hujaymee, may Allah have mercy upon him, said: One day, I heard al-Ḥasan al-Baṣri, may Allah have mercy upon him, recite this verse:

وَفَوْقَ كُلِّ ذِى عِلْمٍ عَلِيمٌ

But over all those endowed with knowledge is the All-Knowing (Allah).

Then he paused and said: “By Allah! There is not a single scholar on the face of the earth who has reached the evening except that above him is one who is more knowledgeable until (all) knowledge goes back to the One who taught it (i.e. Allah)”. [10]

“We raise in degrees whom We will”.

Imam as-Sadi, may Allah have mercy upon him, said:

(Meaning), through beneficial knowledge and acquaintance with the paths that lead to the intended goals, just as We raised the ranks of Yusuf. [وَفَوْقَ كُلِّ ذِي عِلْمٍ عَلِيمٌ – but over all those endowed with knowledge is the All-Knowing (Allah)]- Meaning, for every scholar, there is one above him who is more knowledgeable until (all) knowledge goes back to Allah the Knower of the unseen and the seen. [11]

Imam Muhamad Ibn Salih Al-Uthaymin, may Allah have mercy upon him, said:

know that regardless how much knowledge you have attained, indeed, there is always someone more knowledgeable than you. ” but over all those endowed with knowledge is the All-Knowing (Allah)”, until all knowledge goes back to Allah, the Might and Majestic (as the absolute Owner and Bestower of all knowledge). Do not think that you are the most knowledgeable of people, for (even) if you possess abundant knowledge, there is one who is more knowledgeable than you. Contemplate Musa, peace be upon him, when he said: “I do not know anyone among the people of the earth who is more knowledgeable than I”. What happened? He was told that indeed in a such and such place there is one who is more knowledgeable than you, meaning al-Khiḍr, peace be upon him. Then took place that which Allah Allah, The Most High, related to us in Surah al-Kahf. [12]

[1]An Excerpt from “Awaa’iq at-Talab” pages 29 onwards. Paraphrased

[2]Az-Zuhd 1/21

[3]Sharh Usul Al-I’tiqad Ahl As-Sunnah Wal Jama’ah 1/95

[4]Quoted by Shaikh Abdullah Al-Bukhari, may Allah preseeve him, in Sharh Umdah Al-Ahkam. Lesson 1

[5]Tarikh Baghdad by Al-Khateeb Al-Baghdaadee 5/68, may Allah have mercy upon him.

[6]Al-Jami Li-Akhlaaq Ar-Raawee 2/218

[7] Marhaban Yaa Taalibal Ilm. 245-248.

[8]https://rabee.net/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D9%85%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%AE-%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A/

[9]An Excerpt from Tafseer Ibn Kathir

[10]An Excerpt from Mawsu’ah at-Tafseer al-Ma’thur 11/708

[11]An Excerpt from Tafseer as-Sadi

[12]https://alathar.net/home/esound/index.php?op=codevi&coid=39439