The pinnacle of human perfection is attained through four qualities
In The Name of Allah, The Most Merciful, The Bestower of Mercy.
Allah [The Exalted] said:
وَٱلۡعَصۡرِ
إِنَّ ٱلۡإِنسَـٰنَ لَفِى خُسۡرٍ
إِلَّا ٱلَّذِينَ ءَامَنُواْ وَعَمِلُواْ ٱلصَّـٰلِحَـٰتِ وَتَوَاصَوۡاْ بِٱلۡحَقِّ وَتَوَاصَوۡاْ بِٱلصَّبۡرِ
By (the phenomenon of) time (which Allah manifests through His creation of night and day and in which the servants perform their deeds). Indeed, (all of) mankind is in loss. Except those who believe (in Allāh, His Angels, Books, Prophets, the Last Day and the Divine Decree) and work righteous deeds (which are sincere and correct) and mutually advise each other (in calling to and abiding by) the truth and mutually advise each other with patience (in facing the inevitable harms brought by calling to the truth). https://www.thenoblequran.com/q/#/sura/103/1
Imam Ibnul Qayyim [may Allaah have mercy upon him] said: “Imam Ash-Shaafi’ee [may Allah have mercy upon him] said that if all the people pondered on this Surah, it would have sufficed them”. The clarification of this affair is that the fulfillment of four affairs (mentioned) in this Surah will lead a person to attain the highest level of human perfection. The first is to be acquainted with the truth, the second is to act upon the truth, the third is to teach the truth to the one who is unaware of it and the fourth affair is to exercise patience whilst learning the truth, acting on it, and teaching. Allah mentioned these four affairs in this Surah and made an oath by “(the phenomenon of) time” that everyone is in a state of loss besides those who believe and perform righteous deeds, and they are those who act upon the truth, enjoin one another to the truth whilst exercising patience in the path and being steadfast. This is the pinnacle of human perfection because perfection necessitates that a person attain perfection himself and enable others to do so. This is attained through rectification of the strength of one’s knowledge and action- rectification of the strength of one’s knowledge is attained through Imaan and rectification of the strength of one’s actions is attained through righteous deeds; then enabling others to attain this perfection through teaching, exercising patience upon this path and enjoining one another to exercise patience in the path of knowledge and righteous action. This Surah, despite its shortness, is one of the most comprehensive Suras of the Qur’an that gathers good in its entirety, and all praise and thanks is due to Allah Who revealed and assured that His Book is sufficient besides everything else – a cure for every disease and a guide to every good. [1]
It is not enough that one knows the truth and exercises patience, rather, one has to command, guide, and urge others towards it. When it is the fact that others besides these people are losers, it is well known that disobedience and sins blind the sound discernment of the hearts and prevent them from understanding the truth as it should be understood, and thus their strength of determination is weakened, rather the heart is exposed to random thoughts until its understanding and conduct goes the opposite way, so he perceives falsehood as truth and truth as falsehood, good as evil and evil as good, turns away from his journey towards attaining Allah’s Pleasure and the home of the afterlife (i.e paradise), and proceeds towards the residence of the futile souls that are pleased with the worldly life, satisfied with it, heedless of Allah and His signs (revelation, lessons etc), and abandons preparation to meet Allah (i.e. by way of upright believe and righteous deeds). Had there not been any other punishment due to one’s sins other than this, it would have been (enough as a) demand that one abandon this path and distance from it. [2]
Indeed, Allah placed humans in two categories – the losers and the gainers. The gainers are those who sincerely exhort themselves with Imaan and righteous deeds; exhort others by enjoining truth, which includes teaching and guiding, and enjoining patience, which necessitates that one exercises patience. So, the two sincere exhortations are the person’s sincere exhortation of himself and his brother in Islam by enjoining truth and exercising patience upon the path, and the two characteristics of human perfection are the person’s self-perfection and enabling others to attain self-perfection (by the help of Allaah). As for the perfection of the two strengths of the soul, they are the strength of knowledge and sound observation, and these two are perfected through Imaan; the strength of sound intent, love (for everything praiseworthy, especially love for Allaah) and knowledge, and they are perfected through righteous deeds (i.e. deeds carried out sincerely for the sake of Allah and in conformity with the authentic Sunnah), which cannot be accomplished except through patience.
Allah made an oath by “(the phenomenon of) time” because it is the period in which moral lessons and signs occur because the alternation of night and day under the Decree of the All-Mighty, the All-Knowing are organised to serve the welfare of the universe based on the most perfect order and organisation – alternating with one another, sometimes not much difference between them and at other times one takes from the hours of the other, the difference between the light, the darkness, the heat, and the cold, and the different periods divided into generations, years, months, days, hours and what is lesser than that! These are all signs (creations) of the Lord [The Exalted]- a Burhaan [proof that clarifies and distinguishes between truth and falsehood in everything] and proofs regarding Allah’s All-Encompassing Perfect Ability and Wisdom [free is Allah from all imperfections, faults, deficiencies, shortcomings]. So, Allah made an oath by “(the phenomenon of) time” within which human beings perform deeds for which one either receives punishment or a good recompense. He gave a notification about (the phenomenon of) time, which is the Mab’da [i.e. the beginning] and notified the performers of deeds about the Ma’aad [the Hereafter], and that just as He was not unable to initiate the beginning, likewise He is not unable to establish the Hereafter; and that His Wisdom, which necessitated the creation of (the phenomenon of) time, the performers of deeds and their deeds, and their categorisation into good and bad deeds, (i.e. deeds chosen by the person after being given free will and shown guidance through the Messengers) establishes the fact that the people are not equal, and it cannot be that the good doer will not receive a good recompense and that the evil doer will not be recompensed for his evil, and it cannot be that there will not be two groups- the gainers and the losers; but rather the human being, in essence, is a loser, except the one whom Allah shows mercy, guides, blesses with Eemaan, the ability to perform righteous deeds and command others. Besides this person is the one who is reduced to the lowest of the low. [3]
[وَتَوَاصَوۡاْ بِٱلۡحَقِّ وَتَوَاصَوۡاْ بِٱلصَّبۡرِ – and do righteous good deeds, enjoin one another to the truth and enjoin one another to patience]. This leads to the station of upright leadership and strength in the religion, just as Allaah said: [وَجَعَلۡنَا مِنۡہُمۡ أَٮِٕمَّةً۬ يَہۡدُونَ بِأَمۡرِنَا لَمَّا صَبَرُواْۖ وَڪَانُواْ بِـَٔايَـٰتِنَا يُوقِنُونَ – And We made from among them (Children of Israel), leaders, giving guidance under Our Command, when they were patient and used to believe with certainty in Our Ayat (proofs, evidences, verses, lessons, signs, revelations, etc.)]. [Surah As-Sajdah. Ayah 24]
Therefore, upright leadership in the religion is attained through patience and certainty. Patience is two types- patience when facing what has been decreed, such as calamities, and patience when fulfilling the divine legislated acts of worship – the commands and prohibitions. The fulfillment of commands is related to patience in intent and action and the second is related to patience in keeping away from what one intends and wants to do (i.e. persevere whilst keeping away from evil). The first type of patience (patience when facing the calamities decreed by Allah) is shared by both a believer and a disbeliever, a righteous person, and a wicked sinner, and one is not rewarded if it is not connected to Imaan and Ikhtiyaar [i.e. the person willingly chooses to exercise patience as an act of worship devoted to Allah]. The Prophet [peace and blessings of Allah be upon him] said about his daughter (whose son was on his death bed), “She should be patient and hope for Allah’s reward.” [Saheeh Al-Bukhaaree. Number 1284]
Allah [The Exalted] said: [ إِلَّا ٱلَّذِينَ صَبَرُواْ وَعَمِلُواْ ٱلصَّـٰلِحَـٰتِ أُوْلَـٰٓٮِٕكَ لَهُم مَّغۡفِرَةٌ۬ وَأَجۡرٌ۬ ڪَبِيرٌ۬ – Except those who show patience and do righteous good deeds, those: theirs will be forgiveness and a great reward (Paradise)]. [Surah Hud. Ayah 11]
Patience without sound belief and piety is like a bodily strength that is devoid of sound belief and piety.
Allah [The Exalted] said: [فَٱصۡبِرۡ إِنَّ وَعۡدَ ٱللَّهِ حَقٌّ۬ۖ وَلَا يَسۡتَخِفَّنَّكَ ٱلَّذِينَ لَا يُوقِنُونَ – So be patient (O Muhammad). Verily, the Promise of Allah is true, and let not those who have no certainty of faith, discourage you from conveying Allah’s Message (which you are obliged to convey)]. [Surah Ar-Rum. Ayah 60]
Allah commanded the Messenger [peace and blessings of Allah be upon him] to exercise patience and not to be similar to those who do not have certainty due to lack of patience because their lack of certainty is due to their lack of patience, so they fear and frighten others. Had they attained certainty and acquaintance with the truth, they would have exercised patience – neither fear nor frighten others. The one whose certainty is little, his patience will be little, and the whose patience is little will fear and frighten others. The person who has certainty and patience is self-possessed because he has intelligence and common sense, and the one who neither has certainty nor patience is lightheaded, so desires and lust fling him here and there just as the wind does with something light. [4]
Sa’eed Bin Jubayr [may Allaah have mercy upon him] said, “Patience is the person’s acknowledgment that what has afflicted him is from Allaah, seeking for reward from Allaah and hoping for Allaah’s good recompense. Indeed, a man may be in a state of distress whilst he is being whipped, but you see nothing from him except patience”. [5]
Regarding the statement “Patience is the person’s acknowledgment that what has afflicted him is from Allah”, Imam Ibnul Qayyim [may Allah have mercy upon him] said, “It is as if this statement is an explanation of the statement “Innaa lil laah – to Allah we belong”. So, the person acknowledges that he belongs to Allah and his owner does whatever He wants with him. Regarding the statement “Seeking for reward from Allaah”, Imaam Ibnul Qayyim said, “It is as if this statement is an explanation of the statement “Wa Innaa Ilayhi Raaji’oon – and to Him (i.e. Allaah) we shall return”, meaning we shall return to You so that you reward us due to our patience and the reward for being patient during calamity will not be lost”. Regarding the statement “Indeed, a man may be in a state of distress whilst he is being whipped, but you do not see from him except patience”, Imaam Ibnul Qayyim said, “Patience is not that one bears the whip, rather it is to restrain the heart from getting angry with Allah’s decree and to restrain the tongue from complaining about Allah. Whoever is whipped and his heart is displeased with Allah, he is not a patient person”. [6]
The person who has no certainty in faith (or lacks certainty) does not remain steadfast, rather he acts carelessly, whereas certainty is that firm Imaan in the heart based on (sound) knowledge and action. It may be that a person has sound knowledge but does not exercise patience during calamities; rather he is swayed by emotion. Al-Hasan Al-Basri [may Allah have mercy upon him] said: If you wish to see someone with insight but has no patience, you will see him; and if you wish to see someone who has patience but not insight, you will see him; but if you see a person who had insight as well as patience, then he is the one mentioned by Allah in the Ayah:
[وَجَعَلۡنَا مِنۡہُمۡ أَٮِٕمَّةً۬ يَہۡدُونَ بِأَمۡرِنَا لَمَّا صَبَرُواْۖ وَڪَانُواْ بِـَٔايَـٰتِنَا يُوقِنُونَ – And We made from among them (Children of Israel), leaders, giving guidance under Our Command, when they were patient and used to believe with certainty in Our Ayat (proofs, evidences, verses, lessons, signs, revelations, etc.)]. [Surah As-Sajdah’ Aayah 24] [7]
A Practice of The Companions – By Imaam Al-Albaanee [may Allah have mercy upon him]
“Whenever two men among the Prophet’s companions met, they would not depart from one another, except after one of them recited to the other:[إِنَّ ٱلۡإِنسَـٰنَ لَفِى خُسۡرٍ ][ وَٱلۡعَصۡرِ] -By (the phenomenon of) time (which Allah manifests through His creation of night and day and in which the servants perform their deeds). Indeed, (all of) mankind is in loss”. Imam Al-Albaanee [may Allah have mercy upon him] said: In these narrations is that one gives Salaam when departing [i.e. one of them gives Salaams to the other when departing after meeting]. The other benefit we derive (from this report) is that the companions adhered to this deed and that is the recitation of Surah Al-Asr [i.e. before departing after meeting, one recites Surah Al-Asr to the other and then gives Salaam] because we (firmly) believe that they were far removed from initiating – in the religion – a newly invented act of worship as a means of getting close to Allah; rather the only reason they did this was due to something established by Allah’s Messenger [peace and blessings of Allah be upon him] – either by way of a statement of his, deed or tacit approval. [8]
We ask Allah:
اللَّهُمَّ أَصْلِحْ لِي دِينِي الَّذِي هُوَ عِصْمَةُ أَمْرِي
وَأَصْلِحْ لِي دُنْيَايَ الَّتِي فِيهَا مَعَاشِي
وَأَصْلِحْ لِي آخِرَتِي الَّتِي فِيهَا مَعَادِي
وَاجْعَلِ الْحَيَاةَ زِيَادَةً لِي فِي كُلِّ خَيْرٍ
وَاجْعَلِ الْمَوْتَ رَاحَةً لِي مِنْ كُلِّ شَرٍّ
O Allah! Rectify my religion for me, which is the safeguard of my affairs; rectify my worldly [affairs], wherein is my livelihood; and rectify my Afterlife to which is my return; and make life for me [as a means of] increase in every good and make death for me as a rest from every evil. [Saheeh Muslim Number: 2720]
[1] An Excerpt from Miftaah Daarus Sa’aadah page 61. slightly paraphrased
[2] An Excerpt from Al-Jawaab Al-Kaafi 135-136. slightly paraphrased
[3] An Excerpt from At-Tibyaan Fee Aqsaam Al-Qur’aan 83-88. slightly paraphrased
[4] At-Tibyaan Fee Aqsaamil Qur’aan 83-88. Slightly paraphrased
[5] As-Sabr Wath-Thawaab Alayhi. By Ibn Abee Dunya page 113
[6] Iddat As-Saabireen pages 183-184
[7] Al-Fawaa’id’ pages 293-300
[8] Silsilah Al-Hadeeth As-Saheehah. Number 2648. Vol 6. pages 307-309